Composite Toggling Harpoon with lanyard.
This item from the Hunterian Museum in Glasgow traces its provenance provisionally to Captain Cook:
This harpoon head has one large split point, with a curved split socket with pointed tips. It has twisted sinew lashing around the middle and a line of vegetable fibre attached. This type of harpoon would have been used to catch salmon and is stylistically attributable to the Salish people of the North West Coast of America. The harpoon was originally accessioned as donated by Dr. G. Turner, however there are no items from the North West Coast on the 1860 donation list. It may be one of the hooks mentioned by Captain John Laskey in his 1813 account of the museum, in which case it may have been collected on one of the three Pacific voyages of Captain James Cook.
I have to say, I disagree with the description. Based on size alone, at 14 cm for the head, this is much too large to have been for salmon fishing. Stylistically, fish harpoons tend not to have a blade bed, but rather some kind of groove formed by the two valves which supports a cylindrical bone point. Flat beds such as this one are more consistent with large arming points made of ground slate or ground mussel shell. If intended for a fish, this would be more suitable for Fraser River sturgeon, say.
But I doubt it. I’d suggest in size and manufacture this is much more consistent with a sea mammal harpoon head. I don’t recall seeing any of this size in Coast Salish archaeological sites. If the provenance traces to Laskey and thus to Cook, I’d suggest it is much more likely to be from the Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka) area of western Vancouver Island, where Cook occupied himself much of the time he spent on the NW Coast proper, and with which it is stylistically consistent. Indeed, even without provenance that is where I would assign it.
And I would suggest in size and manufacture it is more likely to be a large sea mammal – probably whale – harpoon head of a kind we describe out here as “Composite Toggling Harpoons”, composed of two valves forming the barbs with an allowance (usually) for an inset arming point. Something like a sea lion harpoon I would expect to be about 2/3 of this size. Further, Cook never really had much interaction with Coast Salish groups. These harpoons work by an analogous process to the toggles on a duffel coat: insert the toogle narrow-ways, then it turns side-ways and won’t pull through the loop. For toggle, read “vicious harpoon” and for loop, read “flesh”. Because most maritime hunting and fishing technologies require immobilization of the prey and retrieval, the technology tends to quite a bit more complex and intricate and well-engineered than terrestrial hunting technology which is more single purpose (kill!). The composite harpoons are a great example of this.
Normally too I would expect the valves on one of this size to be made of antler or of wood (yew, or Douglas fir) and not land mammal bone so if these valves are land mammal that is an interesting difference.
Anyway, all this is by way of saying, it appears the lanyard extends up one side, then crosses through the notch (blade bed) to the other side where it fastens. This would be an interesting functional design aspect encouraging the harpoon head to toggle when tension is put on the lanyard. (I emailed the Hunterian to see what they think)
What is that organic matter between the valves? The lanyard?
Northwest Coast Archaeology 